Editing
Editing isn't one job. It can be four, five, even six separate jobs. You may not need them all, but they still need to happen in order. There's no sense polishing sentences in a chapter that's going to be cut. Here's the ladder, roughly from the earliest stage to the latest. It works the same way whether you've written a novel, a memoir or a thesis.
- Professional beta reading — you've finished your first draft but you've no idea if it works. I read it and give you a summary report of good and less-good aspects. From an editor's eye I can tell you where to focus on your next draft, whether it's the story, the characters, or the prose.
- Manuscript assessment — you've finished a draft and you want to know, honestly, whether it works. I read the whole thing and write you a detailed report on structure, plot, characters, pacing and prose: what's strong, what isn't, and what to do about it. Few notes on the manuscript itself; the thinking goes into the report.
- Developmental edit — the big structural work. Plot holes, sagging middles, character arcs that don't land, scenes doing no job, a point of view that wanders. You get a full report, usually with chapter-level notes and worked examples showing what a revision could look like.
- Line edit — the prose itself, sentence by sentence. Rhythm and pacing, word choice, repetition, dialogue that doesn't ring true, telling where you should be showing. Heavy markup on the manuscript, plus a report explaining the patterns so you can catch them yourself next time.
- Copyedit — for fiction, the line edit is usually favoured over a single, mechanical copyedit; you often won't need two separate services, as many editors like me wind these up into a single edit. Regardless, if you get nothing else before your writing goes out, it's this! It covers grammar and punctuation (those mechanical aspects of English writing) as well as consistency and continuity: the eye colour that changes in chapter nine, the statistic that contradicts itself, the person whose name is spelled two different ways.
- Proofread — the final pass. If you've had a line edit (and/or copyedit), the proofread catches any mistakes or typos missed or added inadvertently during your last round of revisions.
Fiction
Novels, novellas and short fiction, across genres. Structure and plot, character arcs, point of view, pacing, dialogue and prose. This is where most of my work sits, and it's the part I'd happily do all day.
Non-fiction
Memoir, self-help, professional and practical books. The questions are different from fiction — is the structure carrying the argument, is each chapter earning its place, and has the reader been given a reason to trust you and keep going? I'll map out what you've actually written chapter by chapter, which is often the fastest way to see where the shape has drifted from what you intended.
The same ladder applies: assessment, developmental edit (aka content editing), copyediting, and proofreading — depending on what stage you're at.
Academic
Theses and dissertations, journal articles, monographs, chapters, and leaflets or flyers for research dissemination. I edit for argument and structure as well as for clarity and correctness — whether the claim is actually supported, whether the literature is doing work or just sitting there, whether a reader outside your sub-field could follow you. I work with many writers for whom English is an additional language, and anyone whose prose has quietly turned into something only their examiner could love.
For anyone who wants to know what sits behind that: I hold a doctorate from the University of Toronto and two master's degrees from UK institutions, I still research and publish academically, and I work on the acquisitions side at an academic publisher — so I've seen a good number of manuscripts through assessment, revision and into print. There's more on the about page.
On academic integrity: I edit and advise. I don't write your thesis, sit an assessment for you, or do anything that would breach your institution's rules. If you're unsure what your university permits a third-party editor to do, tell me and we'll work within it — most institutions have a written policy, and I'm happy to work to it.
Your institution, department, and even your supervisor will have preferences for writing and referencing styles, and we will make sure your work matches the requirements and preferences.